Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heartdisease, rheumatic heartdisease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heartdisease, valvular heartdisease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral arterydisease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.
The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. Coronary arterydisease, stroke, and peripheral arterydisease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco results in 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heartdisease may follow untreated strep throat.
It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable. Prevention of atherosclerosis involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake.
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